Guest post by Roger Lee De Jesus , Researcher at the Center for History of Society and Culture (University of Coimbra, Portugal) and CHAM – Centre for the Humanities (NOVA FCSH / UAc)

João de Castro (1500-1548) is one of the most famous Portuguese navigators of the 16^th century. He had a long military career serving the Portuguese kings Manuel I and João III in North Africa (in Tangier and Ceuta) and in Asia (in two voyages, 1538-1542 and 1545-1548). He was governor of the ‘Estado da Índia’ (the Portuguese Empire in Asia) between 1545 and 1548, during a difficult time of political and military tension with Indian sultanates. He died in Goa in 1548, before the end of his term as governor.

His distinguished career was marked by scientific curiosity and knowledge, as evidenced by his authorship of three rutters (roteiros) and other treatises. These rutters are in fact more akin to logbooks, detailing voyages with nautical information and critical observations on geography and the particularities of lands he was observing.

All three books were written during his first journey to Asia. The first one, entitled Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa, describes his voyage between Lisbon and Goa in 1538; the Roteiro de Goa a Diu was written while Castro headed a rescue fleet from Goa at the beginning of 1539, on the occasion of a Gujarati-Ottoman siege of the Portuguese fortress of Diu. The last book, Roteiro do Mar Roxo, named in English “The Rutter of the Red Sea,” follows the 1541 Portuguese expedition to Suez, which unsuccessfully tried to destroy an Ottoman fleet being built there. Despite some references to a fourth rutter, narrating a voyage from Goa to Cochin, a manuscript is yet to be discovered.

One of only two known copies from the 16^th century, the Roteiro do Mar Roxo at the James Ford Bell Library was bought in 1955 from a London bookseller. The other manuscript, held at the British Library, was part of Sir Walter Raleigh’s (1552/4-1618) library. It was later incorporated in Robert Cotton’s collection, and suffered the same fate as the rest of this collection, as part of the manuscript was severely damaged by fire in the 18^th century.

The James Ford Bell copy was bought from the descendants of D. João de Castro by Sir Francis Cook (1817-1901). The manuscript dates from the second half of the 16^th century and shows annotations by Castro’s grandson, Fernando de Castro, who aimed at publishing the complete works of his illustrious ancestor. This project never came to light.

Similarly to the other rutters, the text is supported by watercolor illustrations, called tábuas, sketched by D. João de Castro, showing the landscape and identifying several places with alphabet letters. These correspond within the text itself, as we can see in the following example.

Castro’s record of the Red Sea, describing ports, cities, currents, and winds is the first European account to do it in a systematic and detailed way, including a discussion of the reason it was called the Red Sea.

As this book narrates a military expedition, it shows part of the fleet, made up of 80 ships, most of them small rowboats, in the view of the Bab-el-Mandeb.

We can observe another example of this military expedition in the sketch of the attack on Suez, where some Portuguese ships fired against an Ottoman tower, accurately representing the use of firepower. The watercolor also shows movement from the local Ottoman cavalry.

The port of Massawa, on the coast of modern Eritrea, is identified by Castro as the old port of Ptolemais Theron. It is shown with some animals, depicting the idea of a wild region, as described in Ptolemy’s Geography.

Castro’s manuscript was immediately recognized as an important description of the Red Sea, and as such was immediately copied and circulated throughout Europe in handwritten form. Raleigh’s specimen was translated and published in English by Samuel Purchas i his Pilgrimes in 1625, followed by a Dutch translation (1706 and 1727), a French one (1709) and a Latin one too (1738). However, the first Portuguese printed edition dates to 1833.

Remarkable scientific works, D. João de Castro’s rutters are fascinating texts for the history of early modern navigations and the dawn of scientific thinking and methods. The rare early manuscripts, such as the one belonging to the James Ford Bell collection, are true treasures for any library.